The density of blood is measured to be 1060 kg/m 3.Īnother key feature of the circulatory system is that it is set up such that the organ systems act in parallel rather than in series. N R is Reynold’s constant, h is the viscosity of the fluid, ρ is the density of the fluid, and D is the diameter of the tube. We can also get turbulent flow when the velocity exceeds critical velocity v c, defined below. Turbulence can occur when the anatomy of the tube deviates, for example during sharp bends or compressions. Turbulent flow can be described as nonlinear or tumultuous, with whirling, glugging or otherwise unpredictable flow rates. Deviations occur, however, when turbulent flow is present. The above equations hold true for smooth, laminar flow. Viscosity of blood is higher than water due to the presence of blood cells such as erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes. Resistance to fluid flow in a tube is described by Poiseuille’s law: R = 8hl/πr 4 where l is the length of the tube, h is the viscosity of the fluid, and r is the radius of the tube. To model the behavior of fluids in the circulatory system, we can modify Ohm’s law of V = IR to ∆P = FR where ∆P is the change in pressure (mmHg), F is the rate of flow (ml/min), and R is resistance to flow (mm Hg/ml/min). The heart acts as the primary force for movement of the fluid, the fluid moves through arteries and veins, and resistance to blood flow occurs depending on perfusion rates. Being a closed system, we can model the human circulatory system like an electrical circuit, making modifications for the use of a fluid rather than electrons. The capillaries are small and thin, allowing blood to easily perfuse the organ systems. The circulatory system of humans is a closed system consisting of a pump that moves blood throughout the body through arteries, capillaries, and veins. Use the following information to answer questions 1-6: Further, D gas, the diffusion constant of the gas, is defined as:ĭ gas = Solubility / (Molecular Weight)^(1/2) P 1 and P 2 refer to the partial pressures upstream and downstream, respectively. Where ΔV is flow rate and area and thickness refer to the permeable membrane through which the gas passes, in this case, the wall of the avlveoli. One such equation used in determining gas exchange is Fick's law, given by: The partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide are given. Diffusion is an important biological process, especially in the respiratory system where oxygen diffuses from alveoli, the basic unit of lung mechanics, to red blood cells in the capillaries.įigure 1 depicts this process, showing an alveoli separated from neighboring cells by a capillary with red blood cells. This is a passive and spontaneous process and relies on the random movement of molecules and Brownian motion. Supports following 9 languages: English, French, German, Italian, Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish, Russian.Diffusion can be defined as the net transfer of molecules down a gradient of differing concentrations. You can easily convert MS WORD or PDF files into *txt format. The Magic Calculator supports only *txt format files. It is plug and play system so you don’t need any software or driver to add text on it. You can store photos, videos, music, and record your speech on it. The calculator has 4GB of built in memory, so it could be used as removable Storage Disk. Also it will lock all other buttons, and to unlock the calculator you need to know special combination of buttons so it impossible to unlock it for any other person. If you press this button it will eject you from the text and will bring back to Calculator mode. You can choose between 4 different text brightness modes. The Magic Calculator also allows you to set text brightness. Calculator has fast text scrolling speed so you can write down your notes in a second. You press only one button and it transforms from the calculator to a book reader, allowing you to check your secret notes. MAGIC CALCULATOR is new product of The magic calculator is like any other simple calculator but it has powerful hidden features.
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